{"id":6660,"date":"2021-02-23T10:02:23","date_gmt":"2021-02-23T09:02:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/grain\/3-9\/"},"modified":"2021-03-11T15:55:03","modified_gmt":"2021-03-11T14:55:03","slug":"3-9","status":"publish","type":"grain","link":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/nodarb\u012bba\/3-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Teorija par t\u0113mas izveidi – 3. Noda\u013ca 9. Nodarb\u012bba"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ko m\u0113s nosak\u0101m ar darb\u012bbu? <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0St\u0101st\u012bjums ir pieredzes nodo\u0161ana, kas vienlaikus ir ar\u012b noz\u012bmes nodo\u0161ana. \u00bb <\/strong>(A.G. D’Ambrosio, Philosophy of the story, 1998).<\/p>\n\n

P\u0113c filozofa D. Denneta dom\u0101m, ” cilv\u0113ka smadzenes spont\u0101ni au\u017e v\u0101rdu un darb\u012bbu, \u012bpa\u0161i st\u0101sto\u0161o, t\u0101pat k\u0101 zirneklis aust savu t\u012bklu vai bebrs uzb\u016bv\u0113 aizsprostu ” (D. Dennett, Tools for thinking). <\/p>\n\n

St\u0101st\u012b\u0161ana ir univers\u0101la par\u0101d\u012bba, pr\u0101ta izpausme, kas m\u0113\u0123ina saprast, kas to ieskauj. ” Katrs no mums veido st\u0101stu, kas ir m\u016bsu identit\u0101te ” (O.Sacks, Cilv\u0113ks, kur\u0161 maldin\u0101ja sievu par cepuri). T\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 st\u0101stu st\u0101st\u012b\u0161ana ir person\u012bbas izaugsmes br\u012bdis, kas pal\u012bdz mums atrast atbildes un ieg\u016bst vair\u0101k p\u0101rliec\u012bbas par sevi.<\/p>\n\n

Jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, ja nevar noliegt, ka st\u0101st\u012bjums ir izteiksm\u012bga forma, kas rakstur\u012bga cilv\u0113ka dabai, kad st\u0101st\u012bjumu padar\u012bsim par form\u0101lu r\u012bku satura un zi\u0146ojumu nodo\u0161anai, mums j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka ir j\u0101iev\u0113ro noteikti noteikumi un ka gan rakstniekam, gan las\u012bt\u0101jam t\u0101 ir izt\u0113le.<\/p>\n\n

K\u0101di ir st\u0101sta neaizst\u0101jamie raksturojumi? <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Kas \u013cauj st\u0101stam \u201csasniegt\u201d visliel\u0101ko cilv\u0113ku skaitu? M\u0113s var\u0113tu teikt, ka veiksm\u012bgi st\u0101sti ir tie, ar kuriem izdodas izveidot intelektu\u0101lu un emocion\u0101lu tiltu starp st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101ju un las\u012bt\u0101ju. Lai g\u016btu pan\u0101kumus, cit\u0113jot G. Batesonu (“Kur e\u0146\u0123e\u013ci vilcin\u0101s”, 1989), “st\u0101stam ir svar\u012bgs ne tikai t\u0101 saturs, bet ar\u012b t\u0101 strukt\u016bra un iesp\u0113ja, ka tam kaut kas j\u0101pazi\u0146o”. Batesons identific\u0113 \u010detrus vien\u0101di svar\u012bgi elementi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

  1. saturs<\/strong>,<\/li>
  2. konteksts<\/strong>,<\/li>
  3. si\u017eets<\/strong>,<\/li>
  4. \u201cau\u0161ana\u201d, st\u0101st\u012bjuma strukt\u016bra.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n

    Pirmais aspekts, ar kuru rakstnieks noteikti saskarsies, ir saturs, kas, pirmk\u0101rt, ir ideja, kas s\u0101kas no iedvesmas, rado\u0161a stimula. P\u0113c tam ideja k\u013c\u016bst par j\u0113dzienu<\/strong>, p\u0113c tam notikumu virkni<\/strong>, si\u017eetu <\/strong>un visbeidzot st\u0101stu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

    Lai padar\u012btu savu iedvesmu konkr\u0113tu, katram rakstniekam p\u0113c tam j\u0101atrod savs stils un valoda, kas \u013cauj vi\u0146am \/ vi\u0146ai rad\u012bt noteiktu spriedzi, lai nenogurdin\u0101tu las\u012bt\u0101ju, un likt par\u0101d\u012bties realit\u0101tei, kas veidota no ori\u0123in\u0101liem un intri\u0123\u0113jo\u0161iem varo\u0146iem, un situ\u0101cijas, kas sp\u0113j p\u0101rraid\u012bt emocijas. \u0160aj\u0101 rado\u0161aj\u0101 proces\u0101 rakstnieks nedr\u012bkst izlikties, ka defin\u0113 katru atsevi\u0161\u0137o deta\u013cu; glu\u017ei pret\u0113ji, las\u012bt\u0101js jut\u012bsies vair\u0101k iesaist\u012bts, ja vi\u0146am \/ vi\u0146ai b\u016bs br\u012bv\u012bba likt liet\u0101 savu izt\u0113li. Ir teikts, ka Ernestam Hemingvejam tika uzdots uzrakst\u012bt skaist\u0101ko un vienlaikus ar\u012b \u012bs\u0101ko noveli pasaul\u0113 (Gilead A. – Cik maz v\u0101rdu var b\u016bt \u012bs\u0101kais st\u0101sts?). Uz\u0146emoties izaicin\u0101jumu, vi\u0146\u0161 uz pap\u012bra uzrakst\u012bja \u0161o fr\u0101zi:<\/p>\n\n

    “P\u0101rdodu. B\u0113rnu apavi. Nekad nav valk\u0101ti.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n

    M\u0113s varam teikt, ka izcilais rakstnieks noteikti uzvar\u0113ja \u0161aj\u0101 izaicin\u0101jum\u0101, jo vi\u0146am izdev\u0101s nodot sp\u0113c\u012bgu v\u0113st\u012bjumu, kas var iek\u013c\u016bt pa\u0161\u0101 sird\u012b, nesniedzot nek\u0101du paskaidrojumu. St\u0101sts ieg\u016bst dzi\u013cu noz\u012bmi, kas p\u0101rsniedz to, kas par\u0101d\u0101s, paver lielu m\u012bklu, kur\u0101 ir tikai se\u0161i v\u0101rdi, un noteikti mudiniet las\u012bt\u0101ju uzdot sev jaut\u0101jumus, lai pabeigtu darbu, izmantojot izt\u0113li.<\/p>\n\n

    K\u0101 ideja dzimst <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    St\u0101stu strukt\u016bra, kas mums ir paz\u012bstama kop\u0161 seniem laikiem – k\u0101 D\u017eerards \u017denets teiktu “palimpsests” -, pateicoties rakstnieku rado\u0161umam un izt\u0113lei, galu gal\u0101 ir diezgan line\u0101rs un skaitliski ierobe\u017eots, bet \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi main\u012bgs. P\u0113c t\u0101, ko Props izdar\u012bja ar\u012b sav\u0101 \u201cPasakas morfolo\u0123ij\u0101\u201d (1928), gr\u0101mat\u0101 \u201cSepti\u0146i pamatlaukumi\u201d (2004) Kristofers Bukers defin\u0113 septi\u0146us formulu veidus, kas, vi\u0146apr\u0101t, ir visu st\u0101stu pamatu pamats:<\/p>\n\n

    1. Varonis uzvar monstru \/ noziedznieku;<\/li>
    2. No lupat\u0101m l\u012bdz bag\u0101t\u012bbai: varonis sasniedz pan\u0101kumus;<\/li>
    3. Svar\u012bgais uzdevums: varonis (vai varo\u0146u grupa) dodas iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161\u0101 misij\u0101;<\/li>
    4. Turp un atpaka\u013c: piedz\u012bvojumu mekl\u0113t\u0101js ce\u013co, vi\u0146am ir pieredze, kas maina dz\u012bvi un atgrie\u017eas m\u0101j\u0101s;<\/li>
    5. Kom\u0113dija: haoss un apjukums noved pie atrisin\u0101juma;<\/li>
    6. Tra\u0123\u0113dija: varo\u0146i maks\u0101 cenu par pien\u0101kumu neizpild\u012b\u0161anu;<\/li>
    7. Atdzim\u0161ana: varonis par\u0101d\u0101s p\u0101rveidots.<\/li><\/ol>\n

      Paties\u012bb\u0101 ap \u0161iem st\u0101stiem var att\u012bst\u012bties bezgal\u012bba da\u017e\u0101du st\u0101stu, un katru no tiem princip\u0101 var atrast vien\u0101 no septi\u0146iem pamatiem.<\/p>\n\n

      Bet k\u0101 j\u016bs atrodat idejas rakst\u012b\u0161anai? M\u0113\u0123in\u0101sim noteikt da\u017eus ce\u013cus, kas \u013cauj mums identific\u0113t m\u016bsu st\u0101sta centr\u0101lo t\u0113mu, it \u012bpa\u0161i koncentr\u0113joties uz m\u016bsu darba t\u0113mu: izlau\u0161an\u0101s istabu.<\/p>\n\n

      Viss s\u0101kas no idejas, rado\u0161a stimula, kas var rasties:<\/p>\n\n

      1. No av\u012bz\u0113 las\u012bt\u0101m zi\u0146\u0101m, no k\u0101da sap\u0146a, fakta vai scen\u0101rija,<\/strong> kam m\u0113s biju\u0161i nejau\u0161i liecinieki un kur\u0161 piesaista m\u016bsu uzman\u012bbu. Pareiz\u0101 iedvesmas atra\u0161ana var b\u016bt vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ka, nek\u0101 paredz\u0113ts, pr\u0101tam, kur\u0161 ir apm\u0101c\u012bts uztvert deta\u013cas, nov\u0113rot un rosin\u0101t izt\u0113li. Skatoties apk\u0101rt, paties\u012bb\u0101 j\u016bs varat no\u0137ert idejas no notikumiem, kurus m\u0113s varam nov\u0113rot tikai no \u0101rpuses, nezinot iepriek\u0161\u0113jo darb\u012bbu c\u0113lo\u0146us, kas t\u0101s izrais\u012bja. Piem\u0113ram, 2017. gad\u0101 laikrakstos par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s st\u0101sts par k\u0101du Kan\u0101das p\u0101ri, kur\u0161 bija sp\u0113l\u0113jis loteriju. Vi\u0146u bi\u013cete laim\u0113ja (5 miljonus ASV dol\u0101ru), bet, kad v\u012brietis atkl\u0101ja laimestu, vi\u0146\u0161 pazuda! Ko dar\u012bt, ja paties\u012bba bija t\u0101da, ka partneris vi\u0146u bija iesl\u0113dzis, lai nesadal\u012btu laimestu? Kur vi\u0146\u0161 \/ vi\u0146a var\u0113ja sl\u0113pties? Kur\u0161 var\u0113ja kaut ko paman\u012bt un k\u013c\u016bt aizdom\u012bgs? M\u0113\u0123inot atbild\u0113t uz l\u012bdz\u012bgiem jaut\u0101jumiem, var non\u0101kt pie st\u0101sta. T\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s izmantojam apk\u0101rt\u0113jo realit\u0101ti, nosl\u012bp\u0113jot v\u0113r\u012bgo garu, lai sav\u0101ktu v\u0113stures fragmentus un izbaud\u012btu j\u0113gas mekl\u0113jumus. \u0160\u0101da veida iedvesmu nevar kontrol\u0113t vai paredz\u0113t! T\u0101p\u0113c padoms nekad nav atst\u0101t nov\u0101rt\u0101 ideju, kas dzimusi nejau\u0161i, un pierakst\u012bt visus iesp\u0113jamos iedvesmas avotus, kas agr\u0101k vai v\u0113l\u0101k var noder\u0113t!<\/li><\/ol>\n
        1. Att\u0113ls<\/strong>. Daudzi rakstnieki savas lab\u0101k\u0101s idejas sme\u013cas no spilgtiem att\u0113liem: glezn\u0101m, \u0123imenes fotogr\u0101fij\u0101m utt. Paties\u012bb\u0101 daudzi att\u0113li \u013cauj mums uzdot sev jaut\u0101jumus, izmantojot virkni jaut\u0101jumu. Piem\u0113ram, apskat\u012bsim att\u0113lu: kas notiek \u0161aj\u0101 ain\u0101? Kas ir sieviete priek\u0161pl\u0101n\u0101? Ko vi\u0146a dzer? Kas rakst\u012bts v\u0113stul\u0113 uz zemes? K\u0101ds ir st\u0101sts par trim sieviet\u0113m, kas v\u0113ro galveno darb\u012bbu? K\u0101da ir saikne starp t\u0101m? Viena no sieviet\u0113m \u0161\u0137iet satraukta, otra ir apjukusi, un tre\u0161\u0101, \u0161\u0137iet, kaut ko sl\u0113pj … Kas var\u0113ja notikt pirms tam un kas notiks t\u0101l\u0101k?<\/li><\/ol>\n
          \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n

          Southall J. E. (1897), Sigismonda Drinking the Poison, Birmingam Museum<\/p>\n\n

          1. Viena vai vair\u0101kas pieredzes, kas piedz\u012bvotas pirmaj\u0101 person\u0101 vai iedom\u0101tas, st\u0101st\u012btas ori\u0123in\u0101l\u0101 veid\u0101<\/strong>, piem\u0113ram, iedom\u0101joties, k\u0101p\u0113c nakt\u012b no dz\u012bvok\u013ca virs m\u016bsu dz\u012bvok\u013ca vienm\u0113r n\u0101k d\u012bvaini trok\u0161\u0146i; vai iedom\u0101jieties, ko m\u0113s dar\u012btu, ja pa ce\u013cu, pa kuru m\u0113s katru dienu braucam uz darbu, m\u016bs nolaup\u012btu citplan\u0113tie\u0161i.<\/li><\/ol>\n
            1. St\u0101sti par re\u0101liem cilv\u0113kiem, slavenu cilv\u0113ku vai k\u0101du, kuru j\u016bs labi paz\u012bstat (slavens zin\u0101tnieks, sencis, kaimi\u0146\u0161 u.c.)<\/strong>, kuru pieredze, \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas un r\u012bc\u012bba var b\u016bt par pamatu izt\u0113les re\u0101lu faktu p\u0101rlas\u012b\u0161anai. Piem\u0113ram: 2013. gad\u0101 Elifs Bilgins 16 gadu vecum\u0101 uzvar\u0113ja Google zin\u0101tnes izst\u0101d\u0113 ar savu projektu “Vai m\u0113s varam izgatavot plastmasu no ban\u0101nu miz\u0101m?” Ar savu l\u012bdzdal\u012bbu vi\u0146\u0161 izgudroja bioplastmasas rad\u012b\u0161anas metodi, izmantojot ban\u0101nu mizas, lai aizst\u0101tu tradicion\u0101lo naftas b\u0101zes plastmasu. Kas var\u0113tu notikt, ja negod\u012bga komp\u0101nija v\u0113l\u0113tos nozagt vi\u0146a jaun\u0101kos p\u0113t\u012bjumus?<\/li><\/ol>\n
              1. Notikums, kas noticis pag\u0101tn\u0113, kas saist\u012bts ar interesantiem notikumiem no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 viedok\u013ca vai varb\u016bt pat iedom\u0101ta scen\u0101rija atv\u0113r\u0161anu<\/strong>: kas notiktu, ja …? Piem\u0113ram: Sv\u0113tais Gr\u0101ls, Tur\u012bnas dr\u0113bes, Der\u012bbas \u0161\u0137irsts, Z\u0101lamana temp\u013ca d\u0101rgumi, Kristus kaps un Kumrana rokraksti: \u0161ie ir da\u017ei no iesp\u0113jamiem nosl\u0113pumiem, kurus templie\u0161i atkl\u0101ja un saglab\u0101ja. … \u0160\u012b ir nosl\u0113pumu \u0137\u0113de, kas ilga divus t\u016bksto\u0161us gadu. Templie\u0161u m\u012bts izaicina laikmetu un ofici\u0101lo historiogr\u0101fiju. Kas paties\u012bb\u0101 sl\u0113pjas le\u0123end\u0101? Ko dar\u012bt, ja ir veids, k\u0101 atrast vietu, kur vi\u0146i pasl\u0113pa vienu no \u0161\u012bm d\u0101rgaj\u0101m relikvij\u0101m?<\/li><\/ol>\n
                1. Parasta situ\u0101cija, tom\u0113r iedom\u0101joties, ka ar rut\u012bnu saist\u012bt\u0101s cer\u012bbas tiek lauztas<\/strong>, iest\u0101joties noteiktam \u0101rk\u0101rt\u0113jam vai negaid\u012btam notikumam. Piem\u0113ram: bija pulksten 20.00, un k\u0101 parasti taj\u0101 dien\u0101 j\u016bs iesl\u0113dz\u0101t televizoru, lai skat\u012btos zi\u0146as. Bet, nospie\u017eot pogu uz t\u0101lvad\u012bbas pults, notika kaut kas neticams: bija \u017eilbino\u0161i violeta gaisma, un j\u016bs atrad\u0101ties tie\u0161i televizora iek\u0161pus\u0113.<\/li><\/ol>\n
                  1. Nejau\u0161a elementu kombin\u0101cija<\/strong>, kas j\u0101samont\u0113. It\u0101\u013cu rakstnieks D\u017eanni Rodari film\u0101 “Grammatica della fantasia” (1973) ieteica izv\u0113l\u0113ties divus v\u0101rdus, atverot v\u0101rdn\u012bcu vai gr\u0101matu, un p\u0113c tam uzrakst\u012bt st\u0101stu, kur\u0101 izmantoti abi priek\u0161meti.<\/li><\/ol>\n
                    \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n

                    T\u0113mas noteik\u0161ana <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

                    Ar ideju vien nepietiek, un autoram ir j\u0101koncentr\u0113jas uz v\u0113st\u012bjumu, kuru vi\u0146\u0161 v\u0113las nodot ar savu st\u0101stu. Pirmais solis ir defin\u0113t “koncepciju<\/strong>“: t\u0101 ir ideja ar noteiktu noz\u012bmi, kas apz\u012bm\u0113 v\u0113st\u012bjumu un kuras m\u0113r\u0137is ir kaut ko pazi\u0146ot, novedot las\u012bt\u0101ju no s\u0101kuma punkta l\u012bdz p\u0101rliecino\u0161am punktam.<\/p>\n\n

                    Koncepcijai j\u0101s\u0101kas ar zi\u0146ojumu, kuru autors pl\u0101no nodot tiem, kas lasa vai klaus\u0101s, un kas t\u0101p\u0113c ir idejas pamat\u0101. M\u0113s varam teikt, ka koncepcija atbilst \u013coti konkr\u0113tam m\u0113r\u0137im, kuru rakstnieks pl\u0101no sasniegt.<\/p>\n\n

                    P\u0113c idejas un koncepcijas m\u0113s varam defin\u0113t t\u0113mu: par ko ir m\u016bsu st\u0101sts?<\/p>\n\n

                    Pa\u0146emiet Melvila izcilo liter\u0101ro klasiku Mobiju-Diku; vai valis “(1851). K\u0101da ir vi\u0146a \u012bst\u0101 t\u0113ma? Va\u013cu med\u012bbas 1800. gados? Vai dr\u012bz\u0101k, cilv\u0113ka c\u012b\u0146a ar dabas sp\u0113kiem? Cik t\u0101lu cilv\u0113ku trakums var aiziet, ja tas v\u0113las apliecin\u0101t savu centr\u0101lo poz\u012bciju? Mobijs Diks ac\u012bmredzami ir metafora, ambivalents simbols, pirms kura ir iesp\u0113jamas da\u017e\u0101das interpret\u0101cijas.<\/p>\n\n

                    Dom\u0101jot par \u0161o t\u0113mu, pirms turpin\u0101t, ir svar\u012bgi uzdot sev da\u017eus jaut\u0101jumus:<\/p>\n\n

                    1. K\u0101das attiec\u012bbas m\u0113s v\u0113lamies nodibin\u0101t ar savu las\u012bt\u0101ju?<\/strong> M\u0113s nedr\u012bkstam aizmirst, ka rakstnieka m\u0113r\u0137im vajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt likt las\u012bt\u0101jam st\u0101st\u0101 identific\u0113ties: identific\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar st\u0101sta varoni noz\u012bm\u0113 \u013caut sevi aizvest un justies kaut k\u0101 iesaist\u012btam t\u0101 notikumos. Lai tiectos uz intelektu\u0101lu un emocion\u0101lu l\u012bdzdal\u012bbu, m\u016bsu aicin\u0101jums uz darb\u012bbu t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di k\u013c\u016bst par galveno, kam j\u0101b\u016bt piem\u0113rotam m\u016bsu m\u0113r\u0137a grupai un t\u0101p\u0113c j\u0101koncentr\u0113jas uz elementiem, kas vi\u0146am ir pievilc\u012bgi.<\/li><\/ol>\n
                      1. Ko m\u0113s galvenok\u0101rt v\u0113lamies pateikt?<\/strong> St\u0101sti ir j\u0101att\u012bsta, pieskaroties to emocij\u0101m, kuri tos klaus\u0101s vai lasa. Jaut\u0101sim sev sav\u0101 st\u0101st\u0101, k\u0101dus ieguvumus lietot\u0101js var ieg\u016bt, k\u013c\u016bstot par st\u0101sta da\u013cu, k\u013c\u016bstot par galven\u0101 varo\u0146a sabiedroto. Ir labi zin\u0101ms, ka tam visam mums labi j\u0101zina sava auditorija un j\u0101saprot, k\u0101das paties\u012bb\u0101 ir vi\u0146u vajadz\u012bbas.<\/li><\/ol>\n

                        Ikreiz, kad auditorija iedzi\u013cin\u0101s st\u0101st\u0101, piedz\u012bvo pirm\u0101s personas pieredzi un k\u013c\u016bst par galveno varoni, rakstniekam vajadz\u0113tu lepoties, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir sasniedzis savu galveno m\u0113r\u0137i.<\/p>\n\n

                        \u0160aj\u0101 proces\u0101, kas s\u0101kas no idejas evol\u016bcijas un noved pie koncepcijas, tiks defin\u0113ts v\u0113l viens pamatelements, proti, t\u0101 \u017eanrs, ko m\u0113s gatavojamies rakst\u012bt: atkar\u012bb\u0101 no ce\u013ca, kuru autors nolemj iet, s\u0101kot no izv\u0113l\u0113t\u0101s idejas , m\u0113s varam izveidot detekt\u012bvu, kom\u0113diju, dr\u0101mu utt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","gender":[],"steam":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/grain\/6660"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/grain"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/grain"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"gender","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gender?post=6660"},{"taxonomy":"steam","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/steamerproject.eu\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/steam?post=6660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}